Table 4 Baseline characteristics, operative data, and outcome: comparison between insulin-treated and non-insulin-treated groups. Data are expressed as mean ± SD, median (range), and n (%)

 Diabetes duration (months)

120 (1–648)

84 (0–468)

< 0.001

 Peripheral vascular surgery, n (%)

9 (1.7)

1 (0.2)

0.009

 Renal failure (severe or more), n (%)

22 (6.8)

9 (4.3)

0.27

 Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, n (%)

62 (19.3)

32 (15.5)

0.29

 Anemia, n (%)

81 (25.2)

36 (17.4)

0.04

 Polyvascular atherosclerotic disease, n (%)

70 (21.7)

27 (13)

0.01

 Retinopathy and/or nephropathy, n (%)

36 (11.6)

8 (3.9)

0.015

 EuroSCORE II

1.9 (0.7–47)

1.4 (0.7–32.8)

0.001

 A1c hemoglobin (%)

8.5 (5.8–14.9)

7.3 (5.3–13.8)

< 0.001

 Urgency-emergency, n (%)

43 (13.4)

23 (11.1)

0.58

 Distal anastomosis per patient

2.3 ± 0.8

2.4 ± 0.8

0.1

 Complete revascularization, n (%)

151 (46.9)

116 (56)

0.04

 All arterial revascularization, n (%)

65 (20.2)

44 (21.3)

0.84

 Difficult weaning of cardio-pulmonary bypass, n (%)

36 (11.2)

12 (5.8)

0.04

 Intra-aortic balloon pump insertion, n (%)

31 (9.6)

9 (4.3)

0.03

 In-hospital deaths, n (%)

24 (7.5)

7 (3.4)

0.036

 Ventilator support (hours)

8 (3–1560)

6 (2–524)

< 0.001

 Intensive care unit stay (hours)

44 (18–1560)

44 (18–528)

0.001

 Postoperative stay (days)

13 (2–106)

13 (2–53)

0.09

 Cardiac complications, n (%)

82 (25.5)

35 (16.9)

0.024

 Infective complications, n (%)

102 (31.7)

40 (19.3)

0.002

 Respiratory complications, n (%)

68 (21.1)

24 (11.6)

0.005

 Renal failure, n (%)

50 (15.5)

18 (8.7)

0.024

 Cerebro-vascular accident, n (%)

8 (2.5)

3 (1.5)

0.541

 Poor glycemic control, n (%)

134 (41.6)

49 (23.7)

< 0.001